In 1922 the federal government indicted Garvey on mail fraud charges stemming from Black Star Line
promotional claims and he suspended all BSL operations. (Two years later, the UNIA created another line, the Black Cross
Navigation and Trading Co., but it, too, failed.) Garvey was sentenced to prison. The government later commuted his sentence,
only to deport him back to Jamaica in November 1927. He never returned to America.
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